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Pharmakon Amanita muscaria

Amanita muscaria

A chronology of the visionary pharmakon

38 dated markers from across the archive, c. 4,000 BCE to 2025 — evidence of use, first written records, religious formations and modern turns, each carrying its page's own epistemic weight. No date is inferred that a monograph does not itself claim.

The dated record

Each entry keeps its epistemic badge — a documented date is not the same claim as a probable association or a contested continuity. Dates are drawn verbatim from the monographs; ranges are placed by their earliest bound.

Undated traditions

Markers whose sources give no calendar anchor — living practice older than its first written record.

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Erythroxylum coca Archaeological record

coca leaf with alkali · northern Peru · at least 8,000 years BP

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Ipomoea corymbosa Secure record

Nahua texts and botanical description · sixteenth century

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Ipomoea corymbosa Living traditions

Mixtec · Nahua · Mazatec · Zapotec divinatory medicine

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Nicotiana rustica Deep history

12,300 BP tobacco evidence is genus-level, not N. rustica-specific

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Claviceps purpurea Documented relation

Cereal pathogen · foodborne ergotism · pharmaceutical source

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Claviceps purpurea Ritual hypothesis

Eleusinian kykeon · chemically feasible, historically unresolved

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Tabernanthe iboga Human history

nineteenth-century documentation · older transmission histories